Integrated Optical Coherence Analysis System

ABSTRACT

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe and system designs are disclosed that minimize the effects of mechanical movement and strain to the probe to the OCT analysis. It also concerns optical designs that are robust against noise from the OCT laser source. Also integrated OCT system-probes are included that yield compact and robust electro-opto-mechanical systems along with polarization sensitive OCT systems.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.12/466,993, filed on May 15, 2009, which claims the benefit under 35U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/053,241, filed onMay 15, 2008, both of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

This application is related to U.S. Continuation application Ser. No.______, filed on an even date herewith, by Bartley C. Johnson et al.,entitled “OCT Combining Probes and Integrated Systems,” now U.S. patentPublication Ser. No. ______, which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical coherence analysis relies on the use of the interferencephenomena between a reference wave and an experimental wave or betweentwo parts of an experimental wave to measure distances and thicknesses,and calculate indices of refraction of an object of interest. OpticalCoherence Tomography (OCT) is one example technology that is used toperform usually high-resolution cross sectional imaging that can provideimages of objects such as biological tissue structures, for example, onthe microscopic scales in real time. Optical waves are sent through anobject and a computer produces images of cross sections of the object byusing information on how the waves are changed.

The original OCT imaging technique is the time-domain OCT (TD-OCT),which uses a movable reference mirror in a Michelson interferometerarrangement. Another type of optical coherence analysis is termedFourier domain OCT (FD-OCT). Other terms are time encoded FrequencyDomain OCT and swept source OCT. These techniques use either awavelength swept source and a single detector, sometimes referred to astime-encoded FD-OCT or TEFD-OCT, or a broadband source and spectrallyresolving detector system, sometimes referred to spectrum-encoded FD-OCTor SEFD-OCT. FD-OCT has advantages over time domain OCT (TD-OCT) inspeed and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

TEFD-OCT has advantages over SEFD-OCT in some respects. The spectralcomponents are not encoded by spatial separation, but they are encodedin time. The spectrum is either filtered or generated in successivefrequency steps and reconstructed before Fourier-transformation.

Probe design is an important aspect of OCT system design, especially onsystems that are intended to analyze the human body, such as medicaldiagnostic systems. On one hand, the probes must be mechanically robustto withstand use and possibly repeated use by medical care deliverypersonnel such as doctors, nurses and technicians in clinical settings.The probes should also be robust against noise generated from the use intheir intended application. For example, OCT probe systems forintravascular analysis applications are typically long, extending fromat least the point of access, such as the femoral artery to the coronaryor carotid artery that is to be scanned. Moreover, the probes are oftenspun at high speed within a sheath while being pulled-back through theartery section of interest to generate a cylindrical scan. Anyconcomitant mechanical stress on the fiber can induce length changes andbirefringence due to twisting. Probes for dental applications typicallyinclude a long umbilical that connects the handpiece/optical interfaceto the OCT analysis system or console; noise introduced in the OCTanalysis due to mechanical shock to both the umbilical andhandpiece/optical interface should be minimized.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns probe and OCT system designs thatminimize noise and interference due to the effects of mechanicalmovement and strain on the OCT system. It also concerns optical designsthat are robust against amplitude noise from the OCT laser source. Inembodiments, this is achieved by combining the OCT signals from thereference arms and signals arms of the OCT interferometer in thehandpiece itself. This combining is performed by fiber couplers that areeasily integrated into compact handpieces and connected to scanningunits and fiber reference arms. Thus, noise due to movement and stressto the system, such as to the umbilical that connects the analysissystem to the probe, does not corrupt the OCT analysis and/or imagesince the noise is common and does not appear on only the reference orsignal arms of the interferometer. In examples, amplitude referencing isperformed and delay matched to the interference signals to compensatefor the optical delay associated with the umbilical and othercomponents. Also integrated OCT system-probes are included that yieldcompact and robust electro-opto-mechanical systems along withpolarization sensitive OCT systems.

In general, according to one aspect, the invention features, an opticalcoherence tomography probe, comprising: a handpiece housing; an opticalwindow in the handpiece housing; a reference arm reflector in thehandpiece housing; an interference signal fiber coupler in the handpiecehousing that receives an optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal froman OCT analysis system and divides the OCT signal between a referenceoptical fiber arm and a signal optical fiber arm; and an optical windowin the handpiece housing through which the OCT signal from the signaloptical fiber arm is transmitted to an object of interest and throughwhich an object OCT signal is received from the object of interest andcoupled into the signal optical fiber arm. The object OCT signal ismixed or combined with the OCT signal from the reference optical fiberarm that is reflected by the reference arm reflector to generate aninterference signal that is transmitted from the handpiece housing tothe OCT analysis system.

In general according to another aspect, the invention features anoptical coherence tomography method. This method comprises receiving anOCT signal from an OCT analysis system in an interference signal fibercoupler located within a handpiece housing and dividing the OCT signalbetween a reference optical fiber arm and a signal optical fiber arm,transmitting the OCT signal on the signal optical fiber arm from thehandpiece housing to an object of interest and receiving an object OCTsignal from the object of interest into the handpiece housing andcoupling the object OCT signal onto the signal optical fiber arm,combining the object OCT signal with the OCT signal from the referenceoptical fiber arm to generate an interference signal, and transmittingthe interference signal from the handpiece housing to the OCT analysissystem.

In general, according to still another aspect, the invention features anoptical coherence tomography system. This system comprises a sweptsource laser for generating the OCT signal that is transmitted to ahandpiece, a detector system that detects the interference signalreceived from the handpiece and a controller that uses the response ofthe detector system to generate an image of an object of interest.

In general, according to another aspect, the invention features, anintegrated optical system for detecting an interference signal generatedby an OCT probe. The integrated optical system comprises an hermeticpackage, an optical bench in the hermetic package, a detector systemattached to the bench for detecting the interference signal, and a beamsplitter system attached to the bench that couples an OCT signal from aswept laser source to the OCT probe and couples the interference signalfrom the OCT probe to the detector system.

In general, according to another aspect, the invention features, anintegrated OCT system. The system comprises a hermetic package having anoptical window, an optical bench in the hermetic package, a swept sourcelaser system attached to the optical bench for generating an OCT signal,a detector system attached to the bench for detecting an interferencesignal. A beam splitter system is attached to the bench that couples theOCT signal from the swept laser source through the optical window to anobject of interest, couples a portion of the OCT signal to a referencearm, couples light returning from the reference arm to the detectorsystem, and directs light returning from the object of interest to thedetector system.

The above and other features of the invention including various noveldetails of construction and combinations of parts, and other advantages,will now be more particularly described with reference to theaccompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will beunderstood that the particular method and device embodying the inventionare shown by way of illustration and not as a limitation of theinvention. The principles and features of this invention may be employedin various and numerous embodiments without departing from the scope ofthe invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, reference characters refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarilyto scale; emphasis has instead been placed upon illustrating theprinciples of the invention. Of the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an optical coherence tomography (OCT)probe according to a first probe embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an OCT probe according to a second probeembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an OCT probe according to a third probeembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an OCT system according to a first systemembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an OCT system according to a second systemembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an OCT system according to a third systemembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an OCT system according to a fourth systemembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8A is a schematic view of an OCT probe that provides forpolarization sensitivity according to a first polarization probeembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8B illustrates the polarization of input signal, reference signaland return signals;

FIG. 8C is a schematic view of an OCT probe that provides forpolarization sensitivity according to a second polarization probeembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a plan view of the optical components of an OCT probeincluding an integrated reference path;

FIG. 10A is a schematic view of a polarization sensitive OCT systemaccording to a first polarization system embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 10B is a schematic view of a polarization sensitive OCT systemaccording to a second polarization system embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 11A is a schematic plan view of an integrated OCT engine accordingto the present invention;

FIG. 11B is a perspective view of the integrated OCT engine according tothe present invention; and

FIG. 12 is a schematic plan view of an integrated OCT engine/probeaccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows an optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe 100A that hasbeen constructed according to the principles of the present invention(first probe embodiment).

Generally, the probe 100 comprises a handpiece housing 160. Thishandpiece housing is typically grasped by an operator of the OCT system.It is characterized by a rigid portion that connects to an OCT analysisunit by an intervening flexible or articulated umbilical.

The housing 160 comprises an optical window element 164, which istypically tilted and anti-reflection coated to prevent spuriousreflection back into the OCT system. This optical window element 164 istransmissive to the optical frequencies at which the OCT systemoperates. In one example, the OCT system operates in the near infrared.In some embodiments, the optical window 164 is also transmissive tovisible optical frequencies to enable a visible targeting beam to passthrough the window to indicate where the non-visible infrared OCT signalis impinging on the object of interest 10.

The handpiece 160 in one implementation includes an electro-opticalconnector 110. This electro-optical probe connector 110 enables operatorconnection to and disconnection from an OCT analysis system. In oneexample, the electro-optical probe connector 110 provides the OCT andinterference signals between the probe system 100 and the analysissystem along with electrical control signals.

In other embodiments, the umbilical is integral with the probe such thatthe connector 110 is not used.

In more detail, the OCT signal, such as light from a swept source laser,is received from the OCT analysis system via the connector 110 andcoupled onto an OCT/interference signal optical fiber 106. TheOCT/interference signal fiber 106 couples the OCT signal received fromthe OCT analysis system to an interference/OCT signal coupler 112. Inone example, the interference/OCT signal coupler 112 is a 90/10 percentfiber coupler, and thus does not divide the light evenly between the twooutput ports. Specifically, the interference/OCT signal coupler 112provides the OCT signal received on the OCT/interference signal fiber106 to a reference arm optical fiber 130 and a signal arm optical fiber132, with most of the light, i.e., 90% or greater, in this currentexample, on the signal arm optical fiber 132.

The reference arm optical fiber 130 forms the reference arm of aninterferometer that is implemented, preferably entirely, within thehandpiece housing 160. Specifically, the reference arm optical fiber 130terminates in a reflector 116. In one example, the reflector 116 issimply a highly reflective coating at the end of the reference armoptical fiber 130. Exemplary highly reflective coatings includedielectric stack coatings and metalized endfacet coatings that aredeposited on the endfacet of the reference arm optical fiber 130. Inother examples, the reflector 116 is implemented as a discrete mirrorelement, and possibly including a discrete lens to collimate and couplelight between the endfacet of the reference arm optical fiber 130 andthe mirror reflector.

The signal arm optical fiber 132 transmits the received OCT signal to ascanning unit 150. The scanning unit 150 couples the OCT signal betweenthe object of interest 10 and the signal arm optical fiber 132.

In the illustrated embodiment, the scanning unit 150 comprises anoptional glass or transmissive spacer 152 that is secured to theendfacet of the signal arm optical fiber 132. This spaces the endfacetof the signal arm optical fiber 132 from a GRIN (graded refractiveindex) lens element 154, which has an angled output facet to preventparasitic reflections. The GRIN lens 154 focuses the OCT signal from thesignal arm optical fiber 132 onto the sample 10. The free-space lightbeam 156 is directed to a fold mirror 158 that directs the OCT signalbeam 156 through the optical window 164 to the object of interest 10.Then light returning from the object of interest 10 is coupled backthrough the optical window 164 to reflect off of the fold mirror 158 andbe coupled back into the signal arm optical fiber 132 via the GRIN lens154 and the spacer element 152.

In a preferred embodiment, the fold mirror 158 is a scanning mirror.Specifically, it is driven to both tip and tilt in the x and y axes asindicated by arrow 134. In one implementation, this is a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) mirror that scans the OCT signal beam 156, suchas raster scans, over the object of interest 10 in order to generate athree-dimensional image of the object of interest 10.

In the typical embodiment, the handpiece housing 160 also supports oneor more electrical control switches 162. These control switches 162 arecoupled to the OCT analysis system via the opto-electrical connector 110via control line 170. The switches are used by the operator to begin andend OCT scanning and activate a visible targeting laser during the OCTanalysis of the object of interest 10. Preferably, the switches 162 arealso used to electronically drive and control the scanning mirror 158.

The light returning from the object of interest 10 on the signal armoptical fiber 132 is combined with the light returning from thereflector 116 on the reference arm optical fiber 130 in theinterference/OCT signal coupler 112. This combination generates theinterference signal that is transmitted to the OCT analysis system onthe OCT/interference signal optical fiber 106 via the electro-opticalconnector 110.

Since the typical fiber coupler is a four port system, some interferencesignal light is also coupled onto the fourth arm that terminates in thetermination 114. This light is lost in this exemplary embodiment.Otherwise, a three-port coupler is used in other implementations. Thelength of the reference arm optical fiber 130 is important to controlthe scanning depth in the object. Specifically, the length of thereference arm optical fiber 130 is sized so that plane 175 is the zerodistance virtual reference plan of the OCT system. Thus, the opticalpath length of the reference arm optical fiber 130 is made equal to thesum of the optical path lengths of the signal arm optical fiber 132,transmissive spacer 152, GRIN lens element 154, and the free space pathto the reference plane 175, including window 164.

The probe 100 in some sense a “common path” probe, with one fiberconnection back to the OCT system. It would typically be used with somesort of relative intensity noise (RIN) reduction system. One option isto use a balanced receiver to accept input from the probe in onedetector and a laser amplitude signal in the other (US2009/0046295 A1,Kemp, et al., Feb. 19, 2009, FIG. 13). Another option is to ratio theprobe signal with that of a laser power monitor (Normalization detectionscheme for high-speed optical frequency-domain imaging andreflectometry, Sucbei Moon and Dug Young Kim, 12 Nov. 2007/Vol. 15, No.23/OPTICS EXPRESS 15129).

FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the OCT probe 100B. This embodimentis generally similar to the first probe embodiment but uses twoOCT/interference signal fibers 106, 108 to optically connect the OCTprobe 100 to the OCT analysis system. This probe is compatible withstandard balanced receiver/relative intensity noise (RIN) reductionscheme, and would also suppress autocorrelation artifacts from thesample signal interfering with itself.

In more detail, the OCT signal from the OCT analysis system is receivedvia the electro-optical connector 110 typically through a flexibleumbilical on a first OCT/interference signal fiber 106 and a secondOCT/interference signal fiber 108, or only one of these fibers.

The light is then coupled to via a 50/50 interference/OCT signal coupler112 between the reference arm optical fiber 130 and the signal armoptical fiber 132.

The OCT signal on the reference arm optical fiber is transmitted to apartial reflector 118. In one example, this partial reflector reflectsback less than 10%, such as 4% or less, of the OCT signal light thatcarried on the reference arm optical fiber 130. In one example, thispartial reflector 118 is implemented as a dielectric stack or metalcoating on the endfacet of the optical fiber 130.

Light on the signal arm optical fiber 132 is transmitted to the scanningunit 150. This directs the light as described previously through theoptical window 164 to the object of interest 10. Returning light in turnpasses through the optical window 164 and is coupled by the scanningunit 150 to the signal arm optical fiber 132.

The OCT signal returning on the reference arm optical fiber 130 and thelight from the object of interest returning on the signal arm opticalfiber 132 is combined in the 50/50 interference/OCT signal coupler 112.This combination generates the interference signal that is transmittedback to the OCT analysis system on the first and second OCT/interferencesignal fibers 106, 108 via the electro-optical connector 110.

FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of the OCT probe system 100C. Thisembodiment is similar to the second embodiment OCT probe system of FIG.2. The difference lies in the configuration of the reference arm. Inthis example, the reference arm optical fiber 130 includes an attenuator120 that attenuates the OCT signal carried on the reference arm opticalfiber 130. The light passing through the attenuator 120 is thenreflected by a highly reflecting endfacet 116. This highly reflectingend facet is typically implemented as described in connection with thefirst probe embodiment of FIG. 1. The OCT light returning from thereflector 116 passes through the attenuator 120 and then on thereference arm optical fiber 130 to the interference/OCT signal coupler112.

The potential problem associated with the embodiment of FIG. 2 isdissipating the light that is transmitted through the partial reflector118. This transmitted light is then potentially within the handpiecehousing 116 and can potentially serve as an interference source: eitherbeing coupled back into the reference arm optical fiber 130 creatingmultipath interference or possibly interfering with the OCT signal thatis transmitted to and from the object of interest 10. This potentialproblem is addressed in the embodiment of FIG. 3 by using the attenuator120 to absorb the excess OCT signal light in the reference arm to ensurethat it does not create interference. In examples, the attenuator 120 isa lossy element that is implemented by fiber microbending, through alossy fiber splice, or other means.

FIG. 4 illustrates an OCT analysis system 200A that is compatible withthe OCT probe of FIG. 1. Specifically, the OCT analysis system 200Aprovides electrical and optical connection to the probe 100 via atypically flexible or articulated umbilical 205. Specifically, thisumbilical extends between an OCT analysis system electro-opticalconnector 218 and the probe connector 110. This flexible umbilical 205allows the reference probe 100 to be moved around the object ofinterest, such as the patient, to enable analysis of regions of interestof the patient, such as the patient's teeth or skin in some examples.

The OCT signal receive by the probe 100 is generated in the preferredembodiment by a swept laser source 212. An exemplary source is thatdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/396,099, filed on 2Mar. 2009, entitled Optical Coherence Tomography Laser with IntegratedClock, by Flanders, et al., which is incorporated herein by thisreference.

The OCT signal generated by the swept source laser is transmitted to a50/50 OCT/amplitude reference fiber coupler 214 on a swept sourceoptical fiber 235. The 50/50 coupler 214 divides the OCT signal from theswept source 212 between an amplitude reference fiber 216 and the OCTprobe optical fiber 240. This OCT probe optical fiber 240 transmits theOCT signal from the 50/50 coupler 214 to the unit connector 218.Similarly, the returning interference signal from the reference probe100 is received via the unit connector 218 on the probe optical fiber240 and is then divided by the 50/50 OCT/amplitude reference fibercoupler 214.

The path match optical fiber 216 has a length that corresponds to twicethe optical delay between the OCT/amplitude reference fiber coupler 214and the reference probe 110 plus the delay from coupler 214 tointerference signal photodiode detector 230. In this way, the delayinduced by the path match optical fiber is consistent with the combineddelay associated with OCT signal to the probe 100 and the interferencesignal returning on optical fiber 240 from the probe. The OCT signallight transmitted through the path match optical fiber 216 is thendetected by an amplitude reference photodiode detector 220 which is thensampled by the controller 210 and used to remove amplitude noise in thesystem from the swept source 212.

The interference signal returning from the OCT probe 100 and received onOCT probe optical fiber 240 is transmitted through the 50/50OCT/amplitude reference fiber coupler 214 to the interference signaldetector 230. This detector detects that light which is then sampled bythe controller 210.

In one example, the amplitude reference detector 220 and theinterference detector 230 are combined into a balanced detector systemfor rejection of the amplitude noise from the swept source 212 in theinterference signal. In this case, the optical power levels at the twodetectors need to be balanced (For example, see a similar RIN reductionscheme in US2009/0046295 A1, Kemp, et al., Feb. 19, 2009, FIG. 13).Alternately, the signal from the amplitude reference detector 220 can bedigitally divided in the controller 212, for example, by theinterference signal from detector 230 for RIN reduction (Normalizationdetection scheme for high-speed optical frequency-domain imaging andreflectometry, Sucbei Moon and Dug Young Kim, 12 Nov. 2007/Vol. 15, No.23/OPTICS EXPRESS 15129).

FIG. 5 illustrates a second system embodiment 200B of the OCT analysissystem that is also compatible with the probe of FIG. 1. This systemmakes more efficient use of the available optical power, but has moreexpensive components.

The second embodiment 200B uses an unbalanced OCT/amplitude referencefiber coupler 214 to divide the OCT signal from the swept source 212between the amplitude reference path match fiber 216 and OCT probeoptical fiber 240. The OCT signal light on the OCT probe optical fiber240 passes through interference signal circulator 242 to be transmittedto the reference probe 100 via the unit electro-optical connector 218.In turn, the interference signal returning from the reference probe 100is directed by the circulator 242 to interference signal detector 230.

The use of the circulator 242 leads to a more optically efficient systemrelative to FIG. 4 since the 95/5% OCT/amplitude reference fiber coupler214 of this embodiment allows most of the OCT signal, greater than 90%and preferably 95% or more, generated by the swept source 212 to bedirected to the object of interest with only a small amount being usedto generate the amplitude reference.

FIG. 6 illustrates a third embodiment 200C of the OCT analysis systemthat is compatible with the probes of FIGS. 2 and 3. In this example,the OCT signal generated by the swept source 212 is transmitted on sweptsource optical fiber 235 to interference signal circulator 242 and thenon OCT probe optical fiber 240 to the optical probe 100 via the unitconnector 218. The interference signal from the OCT probe is thenreceived on interference signal optical fiber 244 and the OCT probeoptical fiber 240. The returning interference signal light on OCT probeoptical fiber 240 is directed by the interference signal circulator 242to the balanced detector 248. The interference signal received on theinterference signal optical fiber 244 is directly coupled to thebalanced detector 248.

The balanced receiver reduces the effect of RIN on the system'ssignal-to-noise ratio. The common-path probe systems in FIGS. 4 and 5also have methods to reduce the effects of RIN. A major advantage of thetwo-fiber probe (FIGS. 2 and 3) and the corresponding system (FIG. 6) isthat the autocorrelation image (sample light interfering with itself) isstrongly attenuated.

In implementations, the balanced receiver 248 is an auto-balancedreceiver (one example is manufactured by New Focus. Part number 2017),which automatically balances the electrical signals from the twodetectors even in the presence of mismatched lightwave signals impingingon the two detectors.

FIG. 7 illustrates a variant, fourth embodiment 200B of the OCT systemthat uses two circulators 252, 254 for the two fiber probe embodiments.This configuration is similar to that in FIG. 6, except that itincorporates a “dummy” circulator 254 (one port not used) to helpbalance the lightwave signals present at the two detectors of thebalanced receiver 248. If closely matched, the interference signalcirculators 252, 254 will have similar optical losses vs. wavelength andbalance the lightwave signals to the two detectors. A better matchprovides improves signal-to-noise performance and attenuation of theautocorrelation image. Better matching by the additional circulation maybe preferred to the use of an autobalanced detector for cost andperformance reasons.

FIG. 8A illustrates a first polarization sensitive embodiment 100D ofthe OCT probe 100. Generally, this OCT probe is similar to the firstprobe embodiment of FIG. 1, thus, the descriptions associated with FIG.1 are relevant here. This probe 100D, however, allows for polarizationdependent or sensitive OCT analysis. Specifically, it enables theanalysis of the OCT signal and the polarization characteristics of theobject of interest 10.

In more detail, the OCT signal received on the OCT/Interference signalfiber 106 is a highly polarized signal such as a signal from asemiconductor external cavity laser system. To preserve polarization,the OCT/Interference signal fiber 106 is polarization maintainingoptical fiber.

Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 8B, the polarization of the sweptsource OCT signal is polarized according to one, slow, axis of thepolarization maintaining (PM) fiber 106 that is used for theOCT/Interference signal fiber 106. See polarization 190.

The polarized OCT signal is divided by the interference/OCT signalcoupler 112, which is a 50/50 polarization-maintaining coupler. Thepolarized OCT light is transmitted over the reference arm optical fiber130, which is PM fiber, to the reflector 116. In this embodiment, thereis an intervening quarter wave plate 810. This rotates the polarizationof the light by 22½ degrees. As a result, the returning OCT signal lighthas both a portion that is polarized parallel to the input OCT signalbut also perpendicular to the input OCT signal, see polarization 192 inFIG. 8B.

The OCT light that is transmitted through the PM interference/OCT signalcoupler 112 onto the signal arm optical fiber 132, which is PM opticalfiber, is directed to the object of interest 10 as described previouslyvia the scanning system 150.

Light returning from the object of interest 110, however, now ispotentially polarized according to the birefringence properties of theobject of interest 10 and thus will have polarizations aligned alongaxis 190 and also fast axis 194, see FIG. 8B. Thus, the signal lightreturning from the object of interest 10 is then combined with the twopolarizations returning from the reference arm optical fiber 130 by thePM coupler 112. Thus, this light then returns on the OCTsignal/interference signal optical fiber 106 to the OCT analysis system.Interference signal now has two polarizations allowing for thepolarization dependent OCT analysis of the object of interest.

FIG. 8C shows a second embodiment polarization sensitive probe 100E thatis analogous to the two fiber probes of FIGS. 2 and 3 and is compatiblewith standard balanced receiver/relative intensity noise (RIN) reductionscheme, and would also suppress autocorrelation artifacts from thesample signal interfering with itself.

In more detail, the OCT signal from the OCT analysis system on a firstOCT/interference signal fiber 106 and a second OCT/interference signalfiber 108, or only one of these fibers. These fibers are PM fiber.

The light is then coupled to via a 50/50 interference/OCT signal PMfiber coupler 112 between the reference arm optical fiber 130 and thesignal arm optical fiber 132, which are both constructed of PM fiber.

The OCT signal on the reference arm optical fiber 130 is transmitted toa partial reflector 118. In one example, this partial reflector reflectsback less than 10%, such as 4% or less, of the OCT signal light thatcarried on the reference arm optical fiber 130. Alternatively,attenuator 120 is used in combination with a highly reflectingreflector. In either case, the intervening quarterwave plate 810 shiftsthe polarization so that the returning OCT signal now has componentpolarizations along each axis of the PM fiber.

Light on the signal arm PM optical fiber 132 is transmitted to thescanning unit 150. This directs the light as described previouslythrough the optical window 164 to the object of interest 10. Returninglight in turn passes through the optical window 164 and is coupled bythe scanning unit 150 to the signal arm PM optical fiber 132.

The OCT signal returning on the reference arm optical fiber 130 and thelight from the object of interest returning on the signal arm opticalfiber 132 is combined in the 50/50 interference/OCT PM fiber coupler112. This combination generates the interference signal for eachpolarization that is transmitted back to the OCT analysis system on thefirst and second OCT/interference PM fibers 106, 108 via theelectro-optical connector 110.

FIG. 9 illustrates an OCT probe 100F that includes an integratedreference arm. In this example, the OCT signal from the swept sourcelaser is transmitted on an OCT/Interference signal optical fiber 410.The OCT signal is coupled to the probe body 422. In a preferredimplementation, an intervening graded index fiber 420 connects theOCT/Interference signal optical fiber 410 to the probe body 422. Thegraded index fiber 420 collimates the OCT signal so that the beam 440that is transmitted through the optical probe body 422 is collimated.The light passes through interface 424 to be directed to a scanning foldmirror 158, which scans see arrow 134. This allows the OCT signal beam156 to be scanned over the object of interest 10.

Light returning from the object of interest is directed by the scanningfold mirror 158 through interface 424 to be directed back into theOCT/interference signal fiber 410 via the graded index fiber 420.

The probe body 422 includes an integrated reference arm. Specifically,the interface 424 is a partial reflector so that a portion, typicallyless than 10%, of the OCT signal beam 440 is directed to a reference armthat is within the transmissive probe body 422 to be directed to aninterface 428 that has a high reflecting coating on it. This reflectslight back to the interface 422 to mix or combine with the lightreturning from the object of interest to generate the interferencesignal that is then coupled via the graded index fiber 420 to theOCT/Interference signal fiber 410.

In one embodiment, this integrated OCT probe performs polarizationdependent OCT analysis. In this example, a quarterwave plate 430 isattached to the probe body 422 to the interface 428 to rotate the lightso that the light is now polarized along both axes. The OCT/interferencesignal fiber 410 is then polarization maintaining fiber.

FIG. 10A shows a first embodiment of a swept source polarizationsensitive OCT system 200E that is compatible with the polarizationsensitive, common path probes of FIGS. 8A and 9. In this embodiment, allof the optical fibers in the system are polarization maintaining.

In more detail, the swept source laser 212, provides a linearlypolarized output aligned to the slow axis of the PM fiber of the systemand specifically the PM fiber used for the swept source optical fiber235. The OCT/amplitude reference fiber coupler 214 is similarly a PMfiber coupler that divides light between the amplitude path match fiber216 and the OCT probe PM fiber 240. Preferably the OCT/amplitudereference fiber coupler 214 is an unbalanced coupler so that most of theOCT signal is transmitted to the sample, i.e., greater than 90% andpreferably 95% or more. The OCT signal light on the OCT probe opticalfiber 240 passes through interference signal circulator 242 to betransmitted to the reference probe 100 via the OCT probe optical fiber240 and potentially a unit optical connector 218, umbilical 205, andprobe connector 110.

In turn, the interference signal returning from the reference probe 100is directed by the circulator 242 through a length of detector PMoptical fiber 910. This fiber has a long length so that mixing of theparallel polarized light and the perpendicular light occurs at afrequency that is cut by an anti-aliasing filter 912 between the opticaldetectors 918, 920 and the analog-to-digital converters of thecontroller 210 that are used to sample the detector signals. Forexample, if the anti-alias filter removes any OCT image information atdisplacements greater than 5 mm, the fiber must be long enough thatreturns for the slow and fast axis light are separated >5 mm over thepropagation distance. A typical fiber length is tens of meters for a fewm of displacement.

An interference signal polarization splitter 914, which can beimplemented with fiber-optic components or bulk optic components,separates the two signals of different polarizations and routes them toseparate detectors, a parallel polarization detector 918 and aperpendicular polarization detector 920.

The system controller 210 generates and displays two images byseparately processing the interference signals of the two polarizations:One where the light scattered from the sample 10 has the samepolarization as the illumination light generated by the swept sourcelaser 212, the parallel light; and a second image where the scatteredlight is polarized perpendicular to the illumination light.

FIG. 10B shows a polarization sensitive OCT analysis system 200F that iscompatible with the polarization dependent, two-fiber probe of FIG. 8C.

In this example, the OCT signal generated by the swept source 212 istransmitted on swept source optical fiber 235 to interference signalcirculator 252 and then on OCT probe optical fiber 240 to the opticalprobe 100, via potentially a unit optical connector 218, umbilical 205,and probe connector 110. The interference signal from the OCT probe isthen received on interference signal optical fiber 244 and the OCT probeoptical fiber 240. Returning interference signal light on OCT probeoptical fiber 240 is directed by the circulator 252 to the detectors.The interference signal received on the interference signal opticalfiber 244 directed to the detectors by circulator 254.

Similar to the embodiment of FIG. 10A, long lengths of PM fiber 910 a,910 b are used on the optical paths to the detectors to prevent crossmixing of the parallel and perpendicular waves. On the other hand, thePM detector fibers 910 a, 910 b should have matched lengths.

A first interference signal polarization splitter 914 a separates thepolarizations of the interference signal received from interferencesignal circulator 252. A second interference signal polarizationsplitter 914 b separates the polarizations of the interference signalreceived from interference signal circulator 254.

The perpendicular polarization interference signals from each splitter914 a, 914 b are detected by a perpendicular balanced detector 248 b andthe parallel polarization interference signals are detected by parallelpolarization balanced detector 248 a.

This system has the RIN reduction and auto correlation image suppressionproperties of the polarization insensitive systems of FIGS. 2 and 3,because of the use of balanced detection. The PM fibers 910 a and 910 bwould have to be long to prevent polarization mixing as described above.They need to be roughly matched in length, so that the propagation delaydifference is much less than the reciprocal of the highest electricalfrequency generated in the detector systems.

FIG. 11A shows an integrated polarization dependent OCT system 500 thathas been constructed according to the principals of the presentinvention and is compatible with the OCT probes of FIGS. 8A and 9.

Generally the integrated polarization dependent OCT system 500 comprisesa tunable swept source laser subsystem 510, which generates a wavelengthor frequency tunable optical signal, a clock subsystem 520, whichgenerates k-clock signals at spaced frequency increments as the OCTsignals or emissions of the laser 510 are spectrally tuned over aspectral scan band, and a detector subsystem 530, which includes anamplitude references and interference signal detectors. The k-clocksignals are used to trigger sampling, typically in an OCT samplinganalog to digital converter (A/D) system 505.

The detector subsystem 530 and clock subsystem 520 of the integratedpolarization dependent OCT system 500 are integrated together on acommon optical bench 550. This bench is termed a micro-optical bench andis typically less than 20 millimeters (mm) by 30 mm in size, andpreferably less than 10 millimeters (mm) by 20 mm in size so that itfits within a standard butterfly or DIP (dual inline pin) hermeticpackage 560. In one implementation, the bench is fabricated fromaluminum nitride. A thermoelectric cooler 561 is preferably disposedbetween the bench 550 and the package 560 (attached/solder bonded bothto the backside of the bench 550 and inner bottom panel of the package560) to control the temperature of the bench 550.

To collect and collimate the OCT signal light exiting from polarizationmaintaining fiber 512 from the tunable laser 510, an input lensstructure 514 is used. Preferably, the input lens structure 514comprises a LIGA mounting structure, which is deformable to enable postinstallation alignment, and a transmissive substrate in which the lensis formed. The transmissive substrate is typically solder orthermocompression bonded to the mounting structure, which in turn issolder bonded to the optical bench 550.

The input lens structure 514 couples the light from the laser 510 to apartially reflecting 10/90 substrate that functions as input beamsplitter 516. A majority of the beam enters the detector subsystem 530and the remaining beam is directed to the clock subsystem 520. In oneexample, greater than 90% of the input beam from the laser 510 isdirected to the detector subsystem 530.

The OCT signal light is divided in the clock subsystem by a clock beamsplitter 522, which is preferably a 50/50 splitter. The clock beamsplitter 522 divides the light between to a clock etalon 524 and ak-clock detector 526. Any light not reflected by the splitter 522 isdirected to a beam dump component that absorbs the light and preventsparasitic reflections in the hermetic package 560.

The clock etalon 524 functions as a spectral filter. Its spectralfeatures are periodic in frequency and spaced spectrally by a frequencyincrement, termed free spectral range (FSR), that is related to therefractive index of the constituent material of the clock etalon 524,which is fused silica in one example, and the physical length of theclock etalon 524. The etalon can alternatively be made of otherhigh-index and transmissive materials such as silicon for compactness,but the optical dispersion of the material may need to be compensatedfor with additional processing inside the controller/DSP 505. Also,air-gap etalons, which are nearly dispersionless, are anotheralternative.

The contrast of the spectral features of the etalon is determined by thereflectivity of its opposed endfaces. In one example, reflectivity atthe etalon endfaces is provided by the index of refraction discontinuitybetween the constituent material of the etalon and the surrounding gasor vacuum. In other examples, the opposed endfaces are coated with metalor preferably dielectric stack mirrors to provide higher reflectivityand thus contrast to the periodic spectral features.

In the illustrated example, the clock etalon 524 is operated inreflection. The FSR of the clock etalon is chosen based on the requiredscanning depth in an OCT system. The Nyquist criterion dictates that theperiodic frequency spacing of the clock etalon that defines the samplerate be twice the largest frequency period component of the sample, thussetting the optical thickness of the clock etalon to twice the requiredimaging depth. However, as is typically done with clock oscillators, theperiodic waveform can be electrically frequency doubled, tripled, etc,see doubler 528, or can be halved to obtain the desired sample ratewhile choosing an etalon of a length that is convenient for handling andthat easily fits within the package 560 and on the bench 550. A thickeretalon compensates better for nonlinear frequency scanning than athinner one due to its finer sample rate, but it is larger and moredifficult to fabricate, so a tradeoff is made depending upon the lasertuning linearity, system depth requirements, and manufacturingtolerances. Moreover, a thicker etalon requires a laser of comparablecoherence length to generate stable clock pulses, so the laser coherencelength can also help dictate the design of the etalon thickness.

The light returning from the clock etalon 524 and not reflected bybeamsplitter 522 is detected by detector 526. The light detected bydetector 526 is characterized by drops and rises in power as thefrequency of the tunable signal scans through the reflectivetroughs/reflective peaks provided by the clock etalon 524.

The detector photocurrent is amplified and conditioned. The clock signalis multiplied or divided in frequency by multiplier/divider 528,depending on the needs of the OCT system's application and therequirement for a convenient etalon (or other clock interferometer) sizewithin the butterfly package 560. A digital delay line is also added tothe doubler circuitry 528 is some embodiments to compensate for anyround-trip optical delay to the probe 400.

The OCT signal that is transmitted through the input beam splitter 516enters the detector subsystem 530. The detector subsystem 530 comprisesan amplitude reference splitter 562 that directs a portion of the OCTsignal, typically less than 10%, to an amplitude reference detector 564.This detector 564 is used to detect amplitude noise in the OCT signal.

Light transmitted through the amplitude reference splitter 562 passesthrough a parallel detector splitter 566, a polarization beam splitter568 and is coupled onto OCT/Interference signal optical fiber 410 to thepolarization dependent OCT probe 400 by output lens structure 518.

The returning interference signal from the OCT probe 400 is separatedinto its two polarizations by the polarization beam splitter 568. Theportion of the interference signal that is perpendicular to thepolarization of the OCT signal from the laser 510 is directed to anddetected by a perpendicular interference signal detector 570. Theportion of the interference signal that has a polarization that isparallel to the polarization of the polarization of the OCT signal fromthe laser 510 and that passed through the polarization beam splitter 568is directed by the parallel detector splitter 566 and detected by theparallel interference signal detector 572.

The k-clock signal is used by the digital signal processing andanalog-detector sampling system 505 as a sampling clock to trigger thesampling of the amplitude reference signal, the parallel detectorsignal, and the perpendicular detector signal. This information is usedto perform the Fourier transform to reconstruct the image of the objectincluding a polarization dependent OCT image at the two polarizations.

FIG. 11B shows one physical implementation of the integratedpolarization dependent OCT system 500 in a butterfly package 560. Inthis example, the lid of the package 560 is removed to expose thecomponents of the bench 560. This view also shows the LIGA structures Sthat attach the lens substrates L to the bench 560.

FIG. 12 shows another integrated OCT system 600 that has beenconstructed according to the principals of the present invention. Thissystem integrates the swept source 610, k-clock system 520, detectorsystem 530, and reference arm 660 on a bench 550, and within a hermeticpackage 560.

Generally the integrated laser clock system 600 comprises a tunablelaser swept source subsystem 610, which generates a wavelength orfrequency tunable OCT signal, a clock subsystem 520, which generatesk-clock signals at spaced frequency increments as the tunable signals oremissions of the laser 610 are spectrally tuned over a spectral scanband, and a detector subsystem 530. The clock signals are generally usedto trigger sampling of detector system.

The tunable laser subsystem 610, clock subsystem 520, and the detectorsubsystem 530 are integrated together on a common optical bench 550.This bench is termed a micro-optical bench and is usually less than 20mm by 30 mm and preferably less than 10 mm by 20 mm in size so that itfits within a standard butterfly or DIP (dual inline pin) hermeticpackage 560. In one implementation, the bench is fabricated fromaluminum nitride. A thermoelectric cooler 562 is disposed between thebench 550 and the package 560 (attached/solder bonded both to thebackside of the bench and inner bottom panel of the package 560) tocontrol the temperature of the bench 550.

In more detail, the tunable laser 610 in the preferred embodiment inbased on the tunable laser designs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,415,049B2, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

In the current implementation, the tunable laser 610 comprises asemiconductor gain chip 652 that is paired with amicro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) angled reflective Fabry-Perot tunablefilter 654 to create external cavity laser (ECL) with the tunable filter654 being an intracavity tuning element and forming one end, or backreflector, of a laser cavity of the tunable ECL.

The semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) chip 652 is located within thelaser cavity. In the current embodiment, both facets of the SOA chip 652are angled relative to a ridge waveguide 58 running longitudinally alongthe chip 652 with the back facet 651 and the front facet 655 beinganti-reflection (AR) coated. A partially reflecting substrate 662provides reflectivity to define the front reflector of the laser cavity.

To collect and collimate the light exiting from each end facet of theSOA 652, two lens structures 660, 662 are used. Each lens structure 660,662 comprises a LIGA mounting structure, which is deformable to enablepost installation alignment, and a transmissive substrate in which thelens is formed. The transmissive substrate is typically solder orthermocompression bonded to the mounting structure, which in turn issolder bonded to the optical bench 550.

The first lens component 660 couples the light between the back facet ofthe SOA 652 and the tunable filter 654. Light exiting out the frontfacet of the SOA 652 is coupled by a second lens component 662 to thedetector subsystem 530.

The angled reflective Fabry-Perot filter 654 is a multi-spatial-modetunable filter having a curved-flat optical resonant cavity thatprovides angular-dependent, reflective spectral response back into thelaser cavity. This effect is discussed in more detail in incorporatedU.S. Pat. No. 7,415,049 B2. In the referred embodiment, the curvedmirror is on the MEMS membrane and is on the side of the filter 654 thatadjoins the laser cavity. The flat mirror is on the opposite side andfaces the laser cavity. The flat mirror preferably has a higherreflectivity than the curved mirror. Currently the reflectivities forthe flat and curved mirrors are typically 99.98% and 99.91%,respectively, in order to achieve the desired reflectivity and requisitelinewidth of the filter 654 in reflection.

The light transmitted by the tunable filter 654 is coupled out of thelaser cavity and into the clock subsystem 520 by fold mirror 614, whichare reflective coated substrates that are solder bonded to the bench550, fold the beam of the light from the tunable laser subsystem 610,allowing for a dimensionally compact system.

The light then passes to a beam splitter 522, which is preferably a50/50 splitter to a clock etalon 524. Any light transmitted by thesplitter 522 is preferably directed to a beam dump component thatabsorbs the light and prevents parasitic reflections in the hermeticpackage 560 and into the laser cavity and detectors.

The light returning from the clock etalon 524 is detected by detector526 to form the k-clock signal.

The detector subsystem 530 receives the OCT signal from the tunablelaser subsystem 610. The OCT signal passes through an amplitudereference splitter 562, and interference/reference splitter 620. The OCTsignal is focused by an output lens 622 on the object of interest 10.The OCT signal exits the hermetic package 560 via a transmissive window630 that is provided in the side of the package 560.

The OCT signal that is reflected by the interference/reference splitter620 is directed to a reference arm 660 including reference arm foldmirror 624 to a reference arm mirror 626.

Light returning from the reference arm mirror 624 is mixed or combinedwith light from the sample 10, which is received by received by window630 and focused by lens 622, at interference/reference splitter 620 toform the interference signal that is detected by interference signaldetector 628.

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvement by reducing the effects of RINis performed by digitally dividing the interference signal from detector628 by the amplitude reference signal from detector 564 before FFTprocessing. This is a compact system for performing A-scans, butmovement of the package 560 or the sample 10 would allow B-scans to bemade. Additionally, a MEMS mirror scanner could be incorporated beforethe package's output lens to perform this function without movement ofthe sample or the package in some implementation.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

1. An integrated optical system for detecting an interference signalgenerated by an OCT probe, the integrated optical system comprising: anhermetic package; an optical bench in the hermetic package; a detectorsystem attached to the bench for detecting the interference signal; abeam splitter system attached to the bench that couples an OCT signalfrom a swept laser source to the OCT probe and couples the interferencesignal from the OCT probe to the detector system.
 2. A system as claimedin claim 1, wherein the beam splitter system comprises a polarizing beamsplitter for directing a first portion of the interference signal of afirst polarization to a first interference detector of the detectorsystem and second portion of the interference signal of a secondpolarization to a second detector of the detector system.
 3. A system asclaimed in claim 1, further comprising an amplitude detector fordetecting a portion of the OCT signal received from the swept lasersource.
 4. A system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a k-clockoptical reference attached to the bench for spectrally filtering the OCTsignal and a k-clock detector for detecting the OCT signal filtered bythe k-clock optical reference to generate a k-clock signal.
 5. A systemas claimed in claim 1, further comprising a thermoelectric cooler in thehermetic package for controller the temperature of the optical bench. 6.An integrated OCT system, comprising: an hermetic package having anoptical window; an optical bench in the hermetic package; a swept sourcelaser system implemented on the optical bench for generating an OCTsignal; a detector system attached to the bench for detecting aninterference signal; and a beam splitter system attached to the benchthat couples the OCT signal from the swept laser source through theoptical window to an object of interest, couples a portion of the OCTsignal to a reference arm, couples light returning from the referencearm to the detector system, and directs light returning from the objectof interest to the detector system.
 7. A system as claimed in claim 6,further comprising an amplitude detector attached to the bench fordetecting a portion of the OCT signal from the swept source lasersystem.
 8. A system as claimed in claim 6, further comprising a k-clockoptical reference attached to the bench for spectrally filtering the OCTsignal and a k-clock detector for detecting the OCT signal filtered bythe k-clock optical reference to generate a k-clock signal.
 9. A systemas claimed in claim 6, further comprising a thermoelectric cooler in thehermetic package for controller the temperature of the optical bench.10. A system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the beam splitter systemcomprises only a single beam splitter which is attached to the opticalbench.